Artistic features of Goryeo Dynasty mirrors with bodhisattvas images (918–1392)

Abstract

This article explores Korean bronze mirrors of the Goryeo period (918–1392) adorned with images of bodhisattvas and other characters of the Buddhist pantheon. These artifacts represent a unique phenomenon in the decorative and applied arts of the Korean Peninsula, as sacred images were engraved directly on the reflective surface rather than the back. This distinctive feature transformed the mirrors from mere ritual objects into complex symbolic artifacts that combined artistic form with religious and philosophical meaning. The first part of the article examines the philosophical foundation of the mirror in Buddhism, including its metaphorical interpretation as the “mirror of the mind” in key texts such as the Platform Sutra and the Lankavatara Sutra. Special attention is given to Korean sources, particularly Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms written by the monk Iryeon. The second part provides a detailed analysis of specific artifacts from the collection of the National Museum of Korea in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Notable examples include mirrors depicting Avalokiteshvara in the Water-Moon iconography, the bodhisattva Mahamayuri, and the Heavenly King Vaisravana. Their artistic features, such as iconography, composition, and connection to Goryeo painting traditions, are examined. A special focus is placed on the unique optical effect: when illuminated, these mirrors projected a luminous image, symbolizing the idea of Enlightenment as the interaction between the “light of Dharma” and the “pure mind”. The conclusion summarizes the role of these artifacts in Korean ritual practices and Buddhist art. It argues that Goryeo dynasty mirrors not only demonstrate the high craftsmanship of Korean decorative arts but also serve as tangible embodiments of Buddhist philosophical thought. The study provides deeper insight into the interplay of art, technology, and religious practice in Korean culture while filling gaps in the research on Korea's Buddhist heritage.